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NEET Biology Syllabus

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UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World
  • What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification
  • Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomic hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature
  • Five kingdom classification; salient features of Monera, Protista, and Fungi; Lichens, Viruses, and Viroids
  • Plant kingdom classification: salient features of Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms
  • Animal kingdom classification: nonchordates (up to phyla level) and chordates (up to classes level)
UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
  • Morphology, modifications, anatomy, and functions of different parts of flowering plants (root, stem, leaf)
  • Inflorescence (cymose and racemose), flower, fruit, and seed
  • Plant families (Malvaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Gramineae)
  • Animal tissues
  • Morphology, anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of Frog
UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function
  • Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  • Cell envelope, cell membrane, and cell wall
  • Endomembrane system: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and vacuoles
  • Mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, and centrioles
  • Nucleus: nuclear membrane, chromatin, and nucleolus
  • Biomolecules: structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; enzymes and enzyme action
  • Cell division: cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and their significance
UNIT 4: Plant Physiology
  • Photosynthesis as autotrophic nutrition; site and pigments of photosynthesis
  • Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, cyclic/non-cyclic photophosphorylation, and Chemiosmotic hypothesis
  • Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways, and factors affecting photosynthesis
  • Respiration and gaseous exchange: cellular respiration (glycolysis, fermentation, TCA cycle, electron transport system)
  • Energy relations (ATP generation count), amphibolic pathways, and respiratory quotient
  • Plant growth & development: seed germination, growth rates, conditions, and differentiation phases
  • Growth regulators: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, and ABA
UNIT 5: Human Physiology
  • Breathing and Respiration: respiratory system in humans, breathing mechanism, exchange/transport of gases, and regulation
  • Respiratory volumes and disorders (Asthma, Emphysema, occupational disorders)
  • Body fluids and circulation: blood composition, blood groups, clotting, lymph functions, human heart, ECG, and cardiac cycle
  • Cardiac activity regulation and disorders (Hypertension, CAD, Angina pectoris, Heart failure)
  • Excretory products and elimination: modes of excretion, human excretory system, urine formation, and kidney function regulation
  • Kidney disorders (Uremia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis), dialysis, and artificial kidneys
  • Locomotion and Movement: ciliary/flagellar/muscular movements, skeletal muscle, muscle contraction, skeletal joints, and disorders
  • Neural control and coordination: neurons and nerves, human nervous system (CNS, PNS, visceral), and nerve impulse conduction
  • Chemical coordination: endocrine glands, mechanism of hormone action, hypo/hyperactivity disorders (dwarfism, goiter, diabetes)
UNIT 6: Reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: structure, male/female gametophyte development, pollination, double fertilization
  • Post-fertilization events (endosperm/embryo development, seed/fruit formation), and special modes (apomixis, parthenocarpy)
  • Human Reproduction: male/female systems, gametogenesis (spermatogenesis & oogenesis), menstrual cycle, and fertilization
  • Embryo development, implantation, pregnancy, placenta formation, parturition, and lactation
  • Reproductive health: STD prevention, birth control methods, contraception, MTP, amniocentesis, and ART (IVF, ZIFT, GIFT)
UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution
  • Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance, and deviations (incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy)
  • Polygenic inheritance, chromosome theory, linkage, crossing over, sex determination, and sex-linked inheritance
  • Mendelian and chromosomal disorders (Thalassemia, Down's syndrome, Turner's, Klinefelter's)
  • Molecular basis of inheritance: DNA/RNA structures, packaging, replication, central dogma, transcription, and translation
  • Gene expression and regulation (Lac Operon), human genome project, and DNA fingerprinting
  • Evolution: origin of life, biological evolution evidence, Darwin's contribution, and modern synthetic theory
  • Evolution mechanisms: mutation/recombination, natural selection types, gene flow, genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg, and human evolution
UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare
  • Health and Disease: pathogens and parasites causing malaria, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, amoebiasis, ringworm
  • Dengue, chikungunya, immunology concepts, vaccines, cancer, HIV/AIDS, and drug/alcohol/tobacco abuse
  • Microbes in human welfare: food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, and biocontrol agents
UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications
  • Principles and processes of Biotechnology: Recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)
  • Applications in health & agriculture: human insulin, vaccine production, gene therapy, and Bt crops
  • Transgenic Animals, and biosafety issues (biopiracy and patents)
UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment
  • Organisms and environment: population interactions (mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism)
  • Population attributes: growth, birth/death rates, and age distribution
  • Ecosystem patterns: components, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and ecological pyramids
  • Biodiversity and conservation: concept, patterns, loss factors, and conservation hotspots
  • Biosphere reserves, National parks, sanctuaries, and Sacred Groves